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第一部分进一步阅读书目

对于任何对历史学感兴趣的人来说,历史地图和历史大事词典都是有价值的参考著作。最好的世界历史地图是Westermanns Atlas zur Weltgeschichte(Braunschweig,1956年),遗憾的是,它从未出版过英文版。William Robert Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 9th ed. (New York 1964),是英语世界值得信赖的著作。William L. Langer, ed., An Encyclopedia of World History, rev. ed. (Boston, 1972), 对检索时间和回忆历史事件顺序来说,是非常有用的标准著作。

论述世界历史的著作汗牛充栋。有些是集体编写的著作,如剑桥史:The Cambridge Ancient History, 12 vols. (Cambridge,1929~39),The Cambridge Medieval History,8 vols. (Cambridge, 1913~36), 和The Cambridge Modern History, 13 vols. (Cambridge, 1902~12)。其他的都打上了作者个人思想的烙印,因此虽然更连贯,但也引起争论,因为没有人能掌握历史学每个领域的知识。4部这样的著作引起了普通读者的兴趣:H.G.Wells, The Outline of History(London, 1920); Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, 2nd ed. Rev., 2 vols. (New York, 1931); Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, 10 vols. (London, 1934~54); 和William H. McNeil, The Rise of the West(Chicago, 1963)。汤因比的著作出版了缩写本,D.C.Somervell ed., A Study of History, 2 vols. (London, 1946, 1957)和插图缩写本,Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History(New York, 1972)。

两类其他读物显然吸引了学生的注意:古代文献的译本和对古代的现代研究。《圣经》和诸如《荷马史诗》那样的经典著作译本数量众多,由于世世代代的学术积累,这些译本已经相当准确了。因此,从这类著作中推荐一种译本而贬低另一种译本似乎都是吹毛求疵。其他的文明传统在英语翻译中几乎没有如此精确的代表作。关于古代中东,James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament,rev. ed.(Princeton,1969)提供了一份卓越而引人入胜的文献汇编,正如James B. Pritchard,The Ancient Near East, New Anthology of Texts and Pictures(Princeton, 1975)。N.K.Sandars, tr.,The Epic of Gilgamesh(Penguin,1960)是一部价格低廉、容易得到的美索不达米亚主要文学作品译本。Hans Goedicke, tr.,The Report about the Dispute of a Man with His Ba(Baltimore,1970)提供了古代埃及对生与死的看法。关于印度文化,W.T. DeBary, Jr. et al., eds., Sources of Indian Tradition(New York, 1958)从《吠陀》《奥义书》和其他早期著作中进行了很好的选择汇编。Johannes A. B. van Buitenen, The Mahabharata(Chicago, 1973~ )开始了对印度最伟大的史诗的学术翻译。W.T.DeBary, Jr. et al., eds., Sources of Chinese Tradition(New York, 1960)在从早期中国文献的汇编和选取方面做得很好。此外,Arthur Waley, tr.,The Analects of Confucius(New York, 1939), Arthur Waley, tr., Shih Jing, Books of Songs(Boston, 1937), 和Richard Wilhelm, tr., The I Ching, or Book of Changes, 3rd ed. (Princeton, 1967)也值得注意。

许多论述古代历史的著作都用摘译的古代文献作点缀。翻译与注释之间的相得益彰常常比没有支撑的翻译对这个主题给予了更好的介绍,特别是当这种文化不为人所熟悉的时候。这种文献风格的一个好例子是关于中东的: Samuel Noah Kramer, Sumerian Mythology(Philadelphia, 1944); Henri Frankfort et al.,Before Philosophy(Penguin, 1941); J. A. Moulton, Early Zoroastrianism(London, 1913).关于印度文化,Edward Conze, Buddhism: Its Essence and Development(New York, 1959); Sir Charles Eliot, Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch, 3 vols. (London, 1921); 和Heinrich Zimmer, Philosophies of India(New York, 1951)很有帮助。冯友兰的History of Chinese Philosophy, 2 vols.(Princeton,1952)也是如此。关于早期希腊思想的2部著作也属于这类:John Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 4th ed. (London, 1930)是一种严肃的、标准的、煞费苦心的叙述;而F. M. Cornford, From Religion to Philosophy: A Study in the Origins of Western Speculation(London, 1912)则代表了卓越、推测性和启发性的一类。

古代艺术著作和其他物质的照片的熟读仍然是辅助的和非常有价值的方法,通过这种方法,学习古代史的学生可以漫游古代世界。它具有一个重大优势,以致读者与原著之间没有译者。此外,当一个人在短时间内翻阅插图精美的书籍时,更多的著作或许很容易被忽略。这使比较变得可能,而且比较可能敏锐地洞悉跨越空间和时间的变化模式——如果学生费力地记住了一张松散的空间—时间网格,并在这张网格中填写每件特定艺术作品的话。作为对历史学家常常过于咬文嚼字的一种补充和矫正,历史学家的史料毕竟通常是书面的,严肃地对待艺术、艺术史将被高度推荐。关于史前艺术,H. G. Bandi et al., Art of the Stone Age(New York, 1961)是一部不错的著作。关于古代中东艺术的著作可以查阅如下著作:Andre Parrot, Sumer: The Dawn of Art(New York, 1961); Andre Parrot, Arts of Assyria(New York, 1962); Henri Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient(Penguin, 1959); W. Stevenson Smith, Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt(Penguin, 1958). H. A. Groenewegen-Frankfort and Bernard Ashmore, Art of the Ancient World(New York, n.d.)是对古代中东和地中海艺术的标准介绍。

辉煌巨著,Henri Zimmer and Joseph Campell,The Art of India Asia, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (New York, 1955)是最好的论述印度文化传播到东南亚的著作。Ludwig Bachhofer, A Short History of Chinese Art(London, 1947)对早期中国青铜器进行了工艺的、令人信服的文本分析。更令人印象深刻的文本分析著作是Henri Frankfort, Cylinder Seals(London, 1931),他利用来自古代美索不达米亚大量被保存下来的一种物质,把艺术主旨的变化与古代社会的社会和政治秩序的变化联系起来。难以想象还有其他著作比它更生动地阐述了艺术史与社会发展之间的整体关系。

遗憾的是,插图丰富的艺术书籍必然价格昂贵,这限制了它们的利用。“大学印刷厂”(University Prints)提供了一种差强人意的简装替代选择,该机构以适中的价格销售各种艺术门类的单幅照片。如果教师想让一个班级的全体学生得到一张同样的图片以便能够学习和讨论,那么“大学印刷厂”就是一个灵活的和随时可以得到的源泉。它的地址是15 Brattle Street, Cambridge, Mass., 02138。

现代学术著作按照主题分类如下:

人类进化和史前史。W. E. Le Gros Clark, The Antecedents of Man(Chicago, 1960); Kenneth P. Oakley, Man the Tool-Maker, 5th ed. (London, 1976); Robert Ardrey, African Genesis(London, 1961); Sol Tax, ed., Evolution after Darwin, 3 vols. (Chicago, 1960); Carleton S. Coon, The Origin of Races(New York, 1962); M.F.Ashley Montague ed., Culture and the Evolution of Man(New York, 1962); James Mellaart, The Neolithic of the Near East(New York, 1976); 和Grahame Clark, World Prehistory, A New Outline(Cambridge, 1969)。关于理论而不是关于历史,但是思想非常深刻的小书是Robert Redfield, The Primitive World and Its Transformations(Ithaca, N. Y., 1953)。

古代中东。Henri Frankfort, The Birth of Civilization in the Near East(Bloomington, Ind., 1951); V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History(Penguin, 1943); Samuel Noah Kramer, The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character(Chicago, 1963); John A. Wilson, The Burden of Egypt: An Interpretation of Ancient Egyptian Culture(Chicago,1951); A. Leo Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, Portrait of a Dead Civilization(Chicago,1964); Karl W. Butzer, Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in Cultural Ecology(Chicago,1976); W. Stevenson Smith, Interconnections in the Ancient Near East: A Study of the Relationships between the Arts of Egypt, the Aegean and Western Asia(New Haven, Conn., 1965); O. R. Gurney, The Hittites, rev. ed. (Penguin, 1961); George Steindorff and Keith C. Seele, When Egypt Ruled the East, rev. ed. (Chicago, 1957); A. T. Olmstead, A History of Assyria(Chicago, 1923); Donald Harden, The Phoenicians(New York, 1962); William F. Albright, The Archeology of Palestine, rev. ed. (Penguin, 1960); H. H. Robinson and W. O.E. Oesterly, History of Israel, 2 vols. (Oxford,1932);H. H. Rowley ed., The Old Testament and Modern Study(Oxford, 1951); A. T. Olmstead, A History of the Persian Empire(Chicago, 1948); R. C. Zaehner, The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism(New York, 1961); Jack Finegan,Light from the Ancient past: The Archeological Background of Judaism and Christianity, 2nd ed. (Princeton, 1959); David Diringer, The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind, 2nd ed. Rev. (London, 1953); Ignace J.Gelb, A Study of Writing, rev. ed. (Chicago, 1964); Otto Neugebauer, The Exact Science in Antiquity(Leiden, 1950); Charles Singer, et al., eds., A History of Technology, I: From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires(Oxford, 1954); 和R. J. Forbes, Metallurgy in Antiquity(Leiden, 1950)。

欧洲。J.G.D.Clark, Prehistoric Europe: The Economic Basis(New York and London, 1952); C. F. C. Hawkes, The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe to the Mycenean Age(London, 1940); V. Gorden Childe, The Dawn of European Civilization, 6th ed. (New York, 1958); John Boardman et al., eds., The European Community in Later Prehistory: Studies in Honor of C. F. C. Hawkes(Totowa. N. J., 1971); J. D. Evans, Malta(New York, 1959); J. D. S. Pendlebury, The Archeology of Ancient Crete(Penguin, 1962); Sinclair Hood, The Minoans: The Story of Bronze Age Crete(New York, 1971); A. R. Burn, Minoans, Philistines and Greeks, 1400~900 B.C. (London, 1930); Chester G. Starr, Origins of Greeks Civilization, 1100~650 B.C. (New York, 1961); M.I. Finley, The World of Odysseus(New York, 1954); Eric R. Ddodds, The Greeks and the Irrational(Boston, 1957); Alfred E, Zimmern, The Greek Commonwealth, 5th ed. rev.(Oxford, 1931); M. I. Finley, Early Greece: The Bronze and Archaic Ages(New York, 1970); M. Pallottino, Art of the Etruscans(London and New York, 1955); Raymond Block, Origins of Rome(New York, 1960); T. G. Powell, The Celts(New York, 1958); B. H. Warmington, Carthage(London, 1960); 和Marija Gimbutas, The Slavs(New York, 1971)。

欧亚草原。V. Gordon Childe,The Arsyans: A Study of Indo-European Origins(New York, 1926); Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians(London, 1957); M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians and Greeks in South Russia(Oxford, 1922);George Vernadsky, Ancient Russia(New Haven, 1943); William M. McGovern, The Early Empires of Central Asia(Chapel Hill, N. C., 1939); Charles Burney and David M. Lang, The Peoples of the Hills, Ancient Ararat and Caucasus(New York, 1972); 和V. M. Masson and V. I. Sarianidi, Central Asia: Turkemenia before the Achaemenids(New York, 1972)。

印度。Stuart W. Piggott, Prehistoric India to1000 B.C. (Penguin, 1950); R. E. M. Wheeler, Early India and Pakistan, to Ashoka, rev. ed. (London, 1968); R. E. M. Wheeler, The Indus Civilization,The Cambridge History of India, supp.vol. (Cambridge, 1953); The Indus Civilization(Cambridge, 1968); R. C. Majumdar and A. D. Pusalker, eds., History and Culture of the Indian People, I: The Vedic Age(London,1951); Bridget and Raymond Allchin, The Birth of Indian Civilization: India and Pakistan before500 B.C.(Penguin,1968); 和J. H. Hutton, Caste in India: Its Nature Functions and Origins(Cambridge, 1946)。

中国。Ping-ti Ho, Cradle of the East(Chicago, 1975); Herrlee G. Creel, The Birth of China(London, 1936; reissued 1951); Li Chi, The Beginnings of Chinese Civilization(Seattle, 1957); Cheng Te-K’un, Archeology in China, I: Prehistoric China(Cambridge, 1959), Cheng Te-K’un, Archeology in China, II:Shang China(Cambridge, 1960); Cheng Te-K’un, Archeology in China, III: Chou China(Cambridge, 1964); Chang Kwang-chih, Early Chinese Civilization: Anthropological Perspectives(Cambridge, Mass., 1976); William Watson, China: Before the Han Dynasty(New York, 1961); Herrlee Creel, The Origins of Statecraft in China, I: The Western Chou Empire(Chicago, 1970); L.C. Goodrich, A Short History of Chinese People, 3rd ed. (New York, 1959);和三部引起争议但也引人入胜的著作,Herrlee G. Greel, Confucius, the Man and the Myth(New York, 1949);新书名Confucius and the Chinese Way(New York, 1960); Joseph Needham,Science and Civilization in China, multivolumed (Cambridge, 1954~ );和G. F. Hudson, Europe and China(London, 1931)。

世界其他地区。公元前500年前,世界其他地区大多数几乎没有进入历史记录。但是,关于非洲史前史的三部著作在这里值得提及:Sonia Cole, The Prehistory of East Africa(New York, 1954); J. Desmond Clark, The Prehistory of Southern Africa(Penguin, 1959); 和George Peter Murdock, Africa: Its peoples and Their Cultural History(New York, 1959)。关于新大陆和东南亚,相关著作似乎最好附录在本书第二部分的进一步阅读书目中。